Wednesday, January 26, 2011

Virtual Team - Introduction(new)




What factors cause a team toward a virtual structure? Globalization and Information Technology (1), (2), (3)
Why do we need the virtual team? to maximize long term performance(2) and to encourage the sharing of best practices across operating companies. (2)


(1)

The Spatial, Temporal, and Configurational Characteristics of Geographic Dispersion in Teams

By Michael Boyer O’Leary and  Jonathon N. Cummings (2007)


Paper type

This paper attempts to fill gaps left by previous research and, then, provides the standard measurement of virtual teams.


Concept

The authors point out three Dimension of Dispersion which can illustrate the geographically dispersed teams. There are Spital Dimension, Temporal Dimension and Configurational Dimension

  • Spital dispersion: distance measured in feet or miles. 
  • Temporal dispersion: time. work in different time zone ( team members' normal work hours overlap.)
  • Configurational dispersion: Team Member. arrangement of members across sites
    • Isolation: decrease awareness
    • Sites: increase complexity
    • Imbalance: increase conflict
The relationship between Spatial and temporal dispersion

Problem 

  1. Prior studies method or implied multiple dimensions or varying degres of dispersion, but did not characterize those dimensions explicitly or measure variations in them. 
  2. the majority of empirical research on geographically dispersed teams has defined dispersion loosely and usually in spatial terms. 

Value 
Develop a measurement which is theoretically grounded to examine VT.

Method
Applying the developed measurement to examine five real teams by five index. 
  • Spatial Distance Index (SDI): the higher the SDI, the more spatially dispersed the team. 
  • Time Zone Index (TZI)
  • Site Index (SI): the more sites at which team members work, the more dispersed a team. 
  • Isolation Index : The more remote a member is , the less aware other members will be of his or her activities. 
  • Imbalance Index: 



others
problem of self-report(p440)
common-method/common source problem(1):p440) (3):p294
index's external validity (split the sample into halves) (3):p294



Comments 
The core value of this research is to develop a clear measurement of geographical dispersion in Teams.
I agree with the authors statement in that the value of this research can help (1) it provides scholars with a robust, theo- retically grounded, multidimensional model of geographic dispersion, which effectively captures the critical ways in which teams’ dispersion varies; and (2) it provides measures for each of those dimensions. 

My concern, however, for this research is the assumption that geographical dispersion in teams represents VT. Yet, the question is does geographical dispersion in teams means virtual team? I don't think so.  Can we say the greater the spatial index, the higher possibility the team is virtual? of course not. 
For me, there are three types of teams in the world - traditional team, virtual team and mixed.Due to technology, virtual teams and mixed teams are everywhere and traditional teams become less and less.  Think about this scenario. Suppose A and I are working on the same project. We might discuss the topic face-to-face, then search for literature, share what we found via internet or pose them to the cloud  and then discuss online. 





(2) 
Managing the life cycle of virtual teams
By Furst, S.A., Reeves, M., Rosen, B., and Blackburn, R. S. (2004)

Paper Types
find out why virtual teams are often less effective than face to face temas on many outcome measures.
What challenges exist in each stage of forming a VT? 

Research problem:
there is growing evidence that virtual teams fail more often than they succeed 
Based on single observations or laboratory studies with student virtual teams.

Structure
Virtual Team life cycle (forming, stroming, norming and performing / phase I and II)--> performance

Concept
Advantages of VT 
1. increased knowledge sharing and employee job satisfaction and commitment
2. improve organizational performance. 

Challenges of VT 
1. logistical problems ( communicating and coordinating work across time and space)
2. interpersonal concerns ( interact with others in the absence of frequent face-to-face communication) 
3. technology issues 


Structure & Challenges: 
  • Forming: takes longer when geographically dispersed/ first impression and stereotypes / trust is based on information sharing, appropriate responses 
  • Storming: no social cues/ take longer to reach consensus/ different expectation
  • Norming: creating new habits / agreements on timetables
  • Performing:maintaining team performance / synergy 


    Case Study - six VTs in FOODCO

    Conclusions
    • Why success? 
      • proactive, focused, resourceful, and unafraid to seek support and audience as needed. 
      • strong consensus in stage 2. 
      • frequent assessments of team processes
      • team commitment
      • more confident 
      • senior sponsor involvement at the early and middle stages of VT life cycle. 
    • Why failure?
      • lack of communication 
      • reduced mission clarity and productivity 
      • the uncertainty of acquiring resources and support

    Comments 
    The findings of this research seem to be the same with the findings of research that fouces on traditional teams. 



    (3) 

    How virtual are we? Measuring virtuality and understanding its impact in a global organization
    by Chudoba, K. M., Wynn, E., Lu. M and Watson-Manheim, M. B. (2005)


    Research Types
    Importance of the clear definition of the concept 

    Value
    Develop the measurement of VT 

    Research Problems
     it has been problematic to define what ‘virtual’ means across multiple institutional contexts


    Concept
    A universal assumption of Virtual is distance
    The distance per se will cause few challenges including: resolve conflicts, communicate, maintain social interaction over time, space, or organization units. 

    Factors decrease cohesion when form a VT / discontinuities. 
    These discontinuities include: geography, time zone, organization, national culture, work practices, and technology

    Benefits of cleared definition
    1. document and measure the conditions of VT
    2. measure performances
    3. find out the solutions 

    Method 
    Intel 
    Web-based survey
    Measurement ( after factor analysis)


    Conclusions
    • Six factors have been extracted into three main factors 

    Team distribution: the degree to which people work on teams that have peopel distributed over different geographies and time zone

    Workplace Mobility: the degree to which employees work in environments other than regular offices

    Variety of Practice: the degree to which employees experience cultural and work process diversity on their teams. how much employees collaborated with people who track their work in different ways, use different ICT tools or experience process changes due to changes in team membership. 
    • Other factors (control variable) impacts team performance
      • Social interaction/ Knowledge networking  / Work predictability 
        • Social interaction increases communication effectiveness 
        • knowledge networking amplifies information productivity
        • Less predictability requires more intensive and explicit communication with co-workers
    Results



    Others: 
    contradictory finding explanation (p296)



    Comments & Questions: 
    1. the first measurement of culture is problematic because the same language may also have different cultural. 
    2. I cannot find that the relationship between three main factors of discontinues and performance is logically associated. 
    3. Face-to-face discussion but share information via e-mail and cloud technology. Can we say this is virtual team?
    4. how do we determine virtual team based on the findings of this research? can we say in 7-point-scale, if workplace mobility is 5. Then is it the virtual team? I doubt that. 

    帶小孩必備的三個應用程式

    當了爸爸才知道帶小孩的辛苦,每天為了調整他的作息,想了各種方法來照顧他,看了書也上網查了很多網友分享的心得,但始終都只能參考,實際運作起來可以說是各種辛酸難以一言以敞之。經過了這兩個月才真正體會為何很多人會因為帶小孩帶到心力疲備。

    科技帶給我們生活全面性的影響,無論在工作上、交通上、娛樂上或資訊上;而應用在照顧baby的科技也對父母有相當的幫助。在app-store中有很多照顧baby的軟體或是相關可延伸應用在照顧baby上的軟體,這在裡C w C 要來介紹三款小弟在照顧baby上常用到的iphone軟體(非廣告,純分享),分別為:Baby Connect, Live Cams, and Audio Pacifier. (要特別強調,這是純粹個人心得,無關任何商業利益)

    Baby Connect

    這個軟體在許多功能的表現上相當的好,包括紀錄、統計、計時、溝通以及即時協同運作上。即時的協同合作(個人認為)是最重要的一點,也是科技所帶給父母的便利性,因為通常都會同時有兩個以上(父母)的人照顧/關心著baby,如果只能單機運作(也就是任何更新都只能在一個手機上),那就太麻煩了!這套軟體提供相當好的平台讓父母能夠同時得協同運作。例如:當媽媽哄小baby睡之後,可以用自己的iphone來按睡覺計時,這時候爸爸iphone上的這個軟體也自動同步的顯示已開始計時;過了三個小時,爸爸發現小baby已經起床了,爸爸則用自己的iphone來按計時結束,這時候在買菜的媽媽則可以同步的知道小baby起床了,睡了多久。

    此軟體的所有功能,除了紀錄一些活動之外,還可以照相以及留訊息。留訊息這功能可以給另一個或多個共同照顧baby的人知道一些須注意的資訊,例如:baby尿布還沒換…之類的。

    下圖為所有計錄的過程,我的baby -Rex- 剛結束了1小時43分的睡眠。所有的過程我都知道,包括換尿布、餵奶、睡覺…等。
    睡眠狀況圖表(下圖為1/15到1/26)的情形,藍色代表睡覺,粉紫色為餵奶;從這個圖表可以發現,我們家的Rex中午12點都不太睡覺
    各項統計長條圖,包括睡覺、換尿布、餵奶。

    軟體2:Live Cams
    這個軟體主要就是在監視baby的一舉一動。由於我們是執行趴睡策略,所以會特別小心baby會不會睡著時摀到鼻子。

    只會買一台webcam,設定一些基本的網路資訊,就可以連上線了!如果懂得如何設定固定ip的話,那就可以網路上直接看baby的睡眠了。例如我現在可以在學校的時候,直接拿起我的iphone,就可以連線回家看baby的情形。

    其實如果會玩這個軟體的話,可以自己裝很多的webcams,同時監看(如下圖)。這個軟體也有提供公共的webcams讓使用都直接連線,例如右下的time square就是公共的webcam。
    第三個軟體:Audio Pacifier 

    其實市面上很多類似的軟體, 而且功能比它強的很多。只是說這個軟體是免費的,使用上很簡單,你可以點選六種不同的聲音,這六種聲音是baby聽了會好奇的,有穩定baby情緒的效果(但效果不長久)。

    總結來說,這三個軟體對於我在照顧寶寶上有很多的效益提昇,也感受到科技帶給我的生活便利性,希望之後還能發掘出更多有用的軟體,甚至是自己來開發一個。